The mid-20th century saw the birth of Lean principles, revolutionizing manufacturing through Toyota’s Production System in the 1950s. These principles quickly spread across industries, reshaping processes far beyond manufacturing. By the 1990s, Lean methodologies had reached product development and systems engineering, promising efficiency and waste reduction. However, the complexity of systems engineering - spanning electrical, mechanical, and software domains, posed unique challenges. Applying traditional Lean manufacturing strategies often led to confusion, inefficiencies, and misalignment, emphasizing the need for a tailored approach.
The early 2000s ushered in the Agile movement, with the Agile Manifesto in 2001 redefining software development. Agile's iterative and customer-focused approach enabled faster delivery and greater flexibility, becoming a benchmark for innovation. However, translating Agile practices into systems engineering has been far from seamless. While Agile thrives in software environments, it struggles to address the intricate, multidisciplinary nature of systems engineering. Software-centric Agile practices often fail to coordinate effectively across cross-disciplinary teams, resulting in fragmentation and inefficiencies.